Growing up, I did a lot of reading into Naval history, especially WWII. I have played many, many tactical and strategic Naval wargames. Today is a special day, the anniversary of the Battle of Midway.
The battle of Midway was not the battle to validate the power of the Aircraft Carrier. That was the Battle of the Coral Sea. This was the battle where Japan was dealt it's first defeat in 400 years, and it turned the tide of battle in the Pacific.
Isokuro Yamamoto, the Chief of Naval Operations for the Imperial Japanese Navy, knew from before Pearl Harbor that he could not defeat America. He promised 6 months of control of the Pacific, no more. He also said that the only place where Japan could dictate terms of surrender would be the White House. He knew that if awoken, the industrial might of the United States was unbeatable. While Japan had a small fleet of supremely excellent sailors and airmen, America had tens of thousands that were "good enough." He saw what other thought was a paper tiger arise with a sense of vengeance on December 7th. The original plan was to declare war and then attack within an hour, but delays in the Japanese Diplomatic service mistimed it, making Pearl Harbor a sneak attack. But I digress.
June the fourth, 1942 dawned with the bulk of the Japanese carrier fleet poised Northwest off Midway Island. Four of the six carriers involved in the attack of Pearl Harbor were there. Hiru, Soryu, Akagi, Kaga. The other two, Shokako and Zuikako, damaged in the Battle of the Coral Sea, would meet their fates later during the Guadalcanal Campaign.
It has been said that the winner of a war is the one who makes the least number of mistakes. America won the battle, they could have lost at Midway, but it was Japanese blunders, at both the tactical and strategic level that led directly to their defeat.
First of all, a diversionary attack at the Aleutian Islands was supposed to draw the American carriers out of position. By the time they could react to the attack on Midway, the airfield there would be under Japanese control and contributing in the effort to crush the carriers approaching to retake the island. This assumes everything goes right in battle. A very BIG ass-u-me.
Second, their intelligence was spotty at best. They could not confirm the positions of any American carrier. They assumed that the Yorktown was out of action and they would only be facing two American carriers. They also keyed off of Admiral Halsey, our most experienced carrier Admiral. What the Japanese didn't know was Halsey was out sick, and a cruiser Admiral, Raymond Spruance would be leading the task force.
Once the battle was underway, the Japanese were unsure how to outfit the bombers. Do they fit them with contact bombs for a second strike at Midway, or do they equip the bombers with torpedoes and delay-fused bombs for ships? It was this indecision that left fully armed and fueled aircraft on deck when Lt. Cmdr. Clarence W. McClusky and his men dove out of the sky, loaded with 500 pound bombs. The American attack was devastating, gravely wounding three of the four Japanese carriers.
Following our forces back, the Japanese strike severely wounded the Yorktown, already wounded from Coral Sea. She would be later sunk by the Submarine I-168.
The battle dragged on for another two days, while American forces devastated the retreating Japanese remnants.
All-in-all, it was a variety of factors that contributed to the Japanese loss. An overly intricate plan, indecision to continue the airfield attack vs. preparing for the possibility of American carriers, bad intelligence and arrogance in the Japanese officer corps, led to their defeat. They led with their chin, we merely hit them with an uppercut.
And yet it could have gone so differently. I have won Midway quite handily from the Japanese side, I merely operated under the assumption that there were enemy carriers out there and the island was not going anywhere. After approaching Hawai'i from the Northwest, that would have been the last direction I would have approached Midway from. I have never pulled the same tactic twice on the same opponent. I always operate unpredictably. That doesn't mean I act rash, but rather I keep on the offensive and keep my opponent reacting to my moves.
Thanks for the post about this Mike.